Description: Extending from the 1870s to World War I, the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era mark a a major turning point in American history. During this colorful period the country transformed itself from an isolated, rural, agricultural nation into an urban, industrial, multicultural world power. It was an era marked by bigness: Big Business, Big Labor, and big ideas. These forces changed people's everyday lives as a technical revolution swept the country, giving birth to such inventions as the telephone, light bulb, automobile, airplane, radio, and motion pictures. It was an era punctuated by disasters such as the Chicago Fire, the Johnstown Flood, and the San Francisco Earthquake, as well as two presidential assassinations. The same era also brought us ragtime, vaudeville, Coney Island, and Major League Baseball.

Symbolized by larger-than-life figures--Teddy Roosevelt, John D. Rockefeller, Mark Twain, Emma Goldman, and W.E.B. Du Bois to name just a few--the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era set the stage for the United States to become the world's industrial powerhouse and gave birth to the modern world.

This illustrated encyclopedia provides definitive coverage of all the social and cultural developments of the period as well as its political and economic history. Edited by distinguished historian John Buenker and librarian Joseph Buenker, the set features original documents, sidebars, and in-depth essays on major themes and developments, as well as hundreds of detailed entries on issues, events, people, and ideas.

Back to Africa Movement; Back to the Farm Movement; Bailey, Liberty Hyde; Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Company (1922); Baker, Newton D.; Baker, Ray Stannard; Balch, Emily Greene; Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy; Barnum, Phineas T.; Baruch, Bernard Mannes; Baseball; Basketball; Baum, L. Frank; Beard, Charles Austin; Bell, Alexander Graham; Bellamy, Edward; Berger, Victor, and Meta Berger; Bergh, Henry; Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah; Bierce, Ambrose; Birth of a Nation (1915); Black Elk; Black Sox Scandal; Blaine, James G.; Blanc, Marie-Therese (Theodore Bentzon); Bland-Allison Act (1878); Blatch, Harriot Stanton; Bliss, William D.P.; Bly, Nellie; Boas, Franz; Bok, Edward William; Bonnin, Gertrude; Borah, William E.; Boston Police Strike (1919); Bourbons; Bourne, Randolph; Boxer Rebellion (1900); Boy Scouts of America; Brady, "Diamond Jim"; Brandeis, Louis Dembitz;
Breckenridge, Madeline McDowell; Breckenridge, Sophonisba; Brisbane, Arthur; Brooklyn Bridge; Brooks, Van Wyck; Brown, Olympia; Brownsville Affair (1906); Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Company (1916); Bryan, William Jennings; Bryce, James; Buffalo Soldiers; Bunting v. Oregon (1917); Burbank, Luther; Bureau of Corporations, United States; Bureau of Municipal Research; Burleson, Albert Sidney; Burnham, Daniel Hudson; Burns, Lucy; Butler, Nicholas Murray

Cable, George Washington; Cahan, Abraham; Camp, Walter; Canadian Reciprocity; Cannon, Joseph G.; Carnegie, Andrew; Carver, George Washington; Cassatt, Mary; Cather, Willa; Catt, Carrie Chapman; Cattell, James McKeen; Chain Stores; Chandler, William E.; Chaplin, Charles; Charity Organization Societies; Chautauqua Movement; Chicago School of Sociology; Child Labor Legislation; Child Saving; Children's Bureau, United States; Childs, Richard S.; Chinese Exclusion Act (1882); Churchill, Winston; Circuses; City Beautiful; City Manager; City Planning; Civil Rights Cases (1883); Civil Service Reform; Clark, James Beauchamp "Champ"; Clark, John Bates; Clay, Laura; Cleveland, Grover; Coal Mining Safety Legislation; Cobb, Tyrus Raymond; Cochise; Cody, William Frederick "Buffalo Bill"; Colby, Clara Bewick;
Collective Bargaining; Colored Farmers' Alliance; Columbian Exposition (1893); Commission Form of Municipal Government; Commission on Country Life; Commission on Industrial Relations; Commission on Interracial Cooperation; Committee on Public Information; Commons, John R.; Compromise of 1877; Comstock, Anthony; Conkling, Roscoe; Conscientious Objectors; Conservation; Constitutional Amendments; Contract Labor; Convict Lease System; Cooke, Jay; Cooley, Charles Horton; Cooling-Off Treaties; Cooper, Peter; Cooperative Movement; Corbett, James; Corliss Engine; Corporation Excise Tax Act (1909); Corrupt Practices Laws; Cotton Futures Act (1914); Council of National Defense; Country Life Movement; Cox, James Middleton; Coxey, Jacob S.; Crane, Caroline Bartlett; Crane, Stephen; Crazy Horse; Creel, George; Cripple Creek Strike; Crisis, The ; Croker, Richard;
Croly, Herbert; Cummins, Albert Baird

Dana, Charles Anderson; Daniels, Josephus; Darrow, Clarence S.; Darwinism; Davis, Richard Harding; Dawes, Henry Laurens; Dawes Severalty Act (1887); De Forest, Lee; De Leon, Daniel; DeBernardi, Giovanni Battista; Debs, Eugene V.; Dell, Floyd; Department of Commerce and Labor; Department Stores; Depression of the 1890s; Dewey, John; Dewey, Melvil; DeWitt, Benjamin Parke; Disfranchisement; Divorce; Dixon, Thomas, Jr.; Dodd, William Edward; Dollar Diplomacy; Donnelly, Ignatius; Dorr, Rheta Childe; Douglass, Frederick; Dowie, John Alexander; Dreier, Mary Elizabeth; Dreiser, Theodore; Du Bois, W.E.B.; Duke, James Buchanan; Dunbar, Paul Laurence; Dunne, Edward F.; Dunne, Finley Peter; Durant, William C.

Eastman, Charles Alexander (Ohiyesa); Eastman, Crystal; Eastman, George; Eastman, Max; Eddy, Mary Baker; Edison, Thomas Alva; Education; Efficiency; Eight-Hour Workday; Einstein, Albert; Election of 1876; Election of 1880; Election of 1884; Election of 1888; Election of 1892; Election of 1896; Election of 1900; Election of 1904; Election of 1908; Election of 1912; Election of 1916; Election of 1920; Elections, At-Large; Elections, Nonpartisan; Elections, Primary; Eliot, Charles W.; Elkins Act (1903); Ely, Richard T.; Espionage Act (1917); Eugenics; Everybody's Magazine

Fairbanks, Charles W.; Farmers' Union; Federal Aid Road Act (1916); Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America; Federal Farm Loan Act (1916); Federal Reserve Act (1913); Federal Trade Commission; Field, Marshall; Field, Stephen J.; Filene, Edward Albert; Fisher, Dorothy Canfield; Fisher, Irving; Flint v. Stone Tracy Company (1911); Flower, B.O.; Folk, Joseph Wingate; Food Administration, United States; Football; Ford, Henry; Ford, Henry Jones; Forest Service, United States; Fortune, T. Thomas; Foundations; Frank, Leo Max; Freud, Sigmund; Freund, Ernst; Frick, Henry Clay; Frost, Robert; Fuel Administration; Fundamentalism

Gale, Zona; Galveston Hurricane (1900); Garden City Movement; Garfield, James A.; Garfield, James R.; Garland, Hamlin; Garner, John Nance; Garvey, Marcus; Gary, Elbert H.; Gary Plan; Gaston, Lucy; General Federation of Women's Clubs; General Slocum ; Gentlemen's Agreement (1908); George, Henry; Geronimo; Gerry, Elbridge T., III; Ghost Dance; Gibbons, James; Gibbs, Josiah Willard; Gilman, Charlotte Perkins; Gilman, Daniel Coit; Girl Scouts of America; Gladden, Washington; Glass, Carter; Godkin, Edwin L.; Goldman, Emma; Goldmark, Josephine Clara; Gompers, Samuel; Gompers v. Buck's Stove and Range Company (1911); Good Roads Movement; Goodnow, Frank Johnson; Gospel of Wealth; Gould, Jay; Grand Army of the Republic;
Granger Laws; Grant, Madison; Great Strike of 1877; Greenback Party; Griffith, David Wark

Haley, Margaret A.; Hall, G. Stanley; Hall, Prescott Farnsworth; Hamilton, Alice; Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918); Hancock, Winfield Scott; Handy, W.C.; Hanna, Marcus Alonzo; Hard, William; Harding, Warren G.; Harlan, John Marshall; Harmon, Judson; Harper, Ida Husted; Harper, William Rainey; Harper's Weekly ; Harriman, Edward Henry; Harriman, W. Averell; Harris, Joel Chandler; Harris, William Torrey; Harrison, Benjamin; Harrison, Carter Henry, I, and Carter Henry Harrison II; Harvey, George; Hawaiian Annexation (1898); Hay, John; Hayes, Rutherford B; Haymarket Affair (1886); Haywood, William Dudley; Health Insurance Legislation; Hearst, William Randolph; Hendrick, Burton Jesse; Henri, Robert; Hepburn Act (1906); Herron, George D.; Hickok, James Butler "Wild Bill"; Hill, James J.;
Hillquit, Morris; Hine, Lewis; Hitchcock, Gilbert; Hoar, George Frisbie; Holden v. Hardy (1898); Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.; Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr.; Home Rule; Homer, Winslow; Homestead Strike; Homosexuality; Hoover, Herbert; Houdini, Harry; House, Edward Mandell; Housing Reform; Howe, Frederic C.; Howells, William Dean; Hughes, Charles Evans; Hull, Cordell; Hunt, Richard Morris; Hunter, Robert; Huntington, Henry E.

Ickes, Harold L.; Immigrants' Protective League; Immigration Commission, United States; Immigration Restriction; Immigration Restriction League; Imperialism; Income Tax, Federal; Indian Boarding Schools; Industrial Commission, United States; Industrial Democracy; Industrial Workers of the World; Influenza Pandemic of 1918; Ingersoll, Robert G.; Initiative; Institutional Economics; Insull, Samuel; Insurance Companies, Regulation of; International Council of Women (1888); International Ladies' Garment Workers Union; Interstate Commerce Law; Interurban Railways; Ireland, John; Irrigation; Ives, Charles E.

Jackson, Helen Hunt; James, Henry; James, William; Jameson, John Franklin; Johnson, Hiram W.; Johnson, Jack; Johnson, Tom Loftin; Johnson, Walter; Johnstown Flood (1889); Jolson, Al; Jones, Mother; Jones, Samuel M.; Joplin, Scott; Jordan, David Starr; Joseph, Chief; Junior Republics; Juvenile Courts

Kallen, Horace M.; Keating-Owen Act (1916); Keller, Helen; Keller v. United States (1909); Kelley, Florence; Kelley, Oliver H.; Kellogg, Paul Underwood; Kellor, Frances Alice; Kern-McGillicuddy Act (1916); Knapp, Seaman Asahel; Knights of Labor; Knox, Philander C.

La Flesche, Francis; La Follette, Belle Case; La Follette, Robert, Sr.; La Follette's Magazine ; La Follette's Seaman's Act (1915); Labor Legislation, State; Landis, Kenesaw Mountain; Lathrop, Julia Clifford; Lauck, William Jett; Lawrence Textile Strike (1912); Lawson, Thomas W.; Lazarus, Emma; League of Nations; Lease, Mary Elizabeth; Legislative Reference Library; Lenin, Vladimir I.; Lenroot, Irvine L.; Lewis, Sinclair; Lewis, William Henry; Liberty Loans; Libraries, Public; Lincoln, Robert Todd; Lincoln County Wars; Lincoln-Roosevelt League; Lindberg, Charles A.; Lindsey, Benjamin Barr; Lippmann, Walter; Little Bighorn, Battle of the (1876); Lloyd, Henry Demarest; Lochner v. New York (1905); Lodge, Henry Cabot; Loewe v. Lawlor (1908); London, Jack; London, Meyer;
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903); Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904); Lovejoy, Owen R.; Low, Seth; Lowden, Frank Orren; Lowell, Abbott Lawrence; Lowell, James Russell; Ludlow Massacre (1914); Lusk Committee; Lynching

Macfadden, Bernarr; Macune, Charles W.; Magazines, Mass Circulation; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Mail-Order Catalogs; Maine ; Mann Act (1910); Mann-Elkins Act (1910); Markham, Edwin; Marshall, Thomas R.; Masses, The ; Masters, Edgar Lee; Mayo, Charles H., and William J. Mayo; McAdoo, William Gibbs; McCarthy, Charles; McClatchy, C.K.; McClure, Samuel S.; McCormick, Cyrus Hall; McDowell, Mary Eliza; McGovern, Francis E.; McKelway, Alexander J.; McKinley, William; McReynolds, James Clark; Mead, George Herbert; Meat Inspection Act (1906); Mellon, Andrew W.; Mental Hygiene; Michelson, Albert Abraham; Military Reform; Minnesota Rate Case; Mitchell, John; Mobile Pledge; Modernism; Molly Maguires; Moody, Dwight L.; Morgan, John Pierpont; Moskowitz, Henry, and Belle Lindner Moskowitz;
Most, Johann; Mothers' Pensions Acts; Motion Pictures; Muckraking; Mugwumps; Muir, John; Muller v. Oregon (1908); Municipal Bath Movement; Municipal Housekeeping; Municipal Ownership of Utilities; Munsey, Frank; Murphy, Charles Francis; Murphy, Edgar Gardner; Museums and Historic Sites

Nast, Thomas; National Afro-American League; National American Woman Suffrage Association; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; National Association of Manufacturers; National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage; National Board of Farm Organizations; National Catholic Welfare Council; National Child Labor Committee; National Citizens League; National Civic Federation; National Conference on Charities and Corrections..; National Consumers League; National Education Association; National Housing Association; National Industrial Conference Board; National Labor Union; National Monetary Commission; National Municipal League; National Negro Business League; National Park Service, United States; National Progressive Republican League; National Security League; National Tax Association;
National War Labor Board, United States; National Woman's Party; National Women's Trade Union League; Naturalism; Nearing, Scott; Neighborhood Idea; Neutrality; New Freedom; New Nationalism; New South; New York State Factory Investigating Commission; Newell, Frederick Haynes; Newlands, Francis G.; Newspapers, Mass Circulation; Nonpartisan League; Norris, Frank; Norris, George William; North American Civic League for Immigrants; Northern Securities Company v. United States (1904); Norton, Charles Eliot

Ochs, Adolph S.; O'Hare, Kate Richards; O'Keeffe, Georgia; Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr.; Olmsted, Frederick Law, Sr.; Olney, Richard; Open Door Policy; O'Reilly, Lenora; Oshkosh, Reginald; Ostrogorski, Moisei Yakovlevich; O'Sullivan, Mary Kenney; Ouimet, Francis; Ovington, Mary White

Page, Thomas Nelson; Page, Walter Hines; Page Act (1875); Palmer, Alexander Mitchell; Panama Canal; Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915); Pan-American Exposition (1901); Panic of 1907; Park, Maud Wood; Parker, Alton Brooks; Parker, Quanah; Paterson Textile Strike (1913); Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange); Patten, Simon N.; Paul, Alice; Peace Movement; Peirce, Charles S.; Penal Reform; Penney, J.C.; Penrose, Boies; Pentecostalism; People's Party (Populists); Perkins, Frances; Perkins, George W.; Pershing, John Joseph; Phelan, James D.; Phillips, David Graham; Phillips, Ulrich B.; Pickford, Mary; Pinchot, Amos R.E.; Pinchot, Gifford; Pingree, Hazen S.; Pittsburgh Survey (1907); Platt, Thomas Collier; Platt Amendment (1902);
Playground Association of America; Plessy v. Ferguson (1896); Plumb Plan (1919); Plunkitt, George W.; Poe, Clarence; Poindexter, Miles; Police Reform; Political Machines; Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company (1895); Polygamy; Pomerene, Atlee; Post, Louis Freeland; Postal Savings Banks; Pound, Roscoe; Powderly, Terence V.; Powell, John Wesley; Pragmatism; Pratt, Richard Henry; Preparedness; Preservation Societies; Professional Associations; Progressive Party; Prohibition; Psychiatry; Public Health Movement; Public Utility Regulation; Pujo Committee; Pulitzer, Joseph; Pullman, George M.; Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Quay, Matthew S.; Quintasket, Christine

Race Riots; Railroad Regulation, Federal; Randolph, A. Philip; Rankin, Jeannette; Rauschenbusch, Walter; Readjuster Movement; Realism; Recall; Reclamation Act (1902); Record, George L.; Red Scare; Redeemers; Reed, James A.; Reed, John; Reed, Thomas Brackett; Reed, Walter; Referendum; Remington, Frederic; Revivalism; Richards, Ellen Henrietta Swallow; Riis, Jacob August; Robber Barons; Robins, Raymond, and Margaret Dreier Robins; Robinson, Edwin Arlington; Robinson, James Harvey; Rockefeller, John D.; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Roosevelt, Theodore; Roosevelt Corollary; Root, Elihu; Rosenwald, Julius; Ross, Edward A.; Royce, Josiah; Rural Free Delivery; Rural Post Road Act (1916); Russell, Charles Edward; Russell, Lillian; Ruth, George Herman "Babe"; Ryan, John A.

Sabath, Adolph Joseph; Sabbatarianism; Saint-Gaudens, Augustus; Salvation Army; San Francisco Earthquake (1906); Sanger, Margaret; Santayana, George; Sargent, John Singer; Schneiderman, Rose; Schofield, John M.; School and Society ; Schurz, Carl; Schwab, Charles M.; Scientific Management; Scudder, (Julia) Vida Dutton; Sears, Roebuck and Company; Seattle General Strike (1919); Sedition Act (1918); Segregation; Selective Service; Seligman, Edwin R.A.; Sewall, May Wright; Seymour, William Joseph; Sharecropping; Shaw, Albert; Shaw, Anna Howard; Sheldon, Charles M.; Sheppard-Towner Act (1921); Sherman, John; Sherman, William T.; Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890); Shipping Act of 1916; Short Ballot; Sierra Club; Simkhovitch, Mary Melinda Kingsbury; Simons, Algie Martin, and May Wood Simons;
Sinclair, Upton; Singer, Isaac Merritt; Single-Tax Movement; Sitting Bull; Sloan, John; Small, Albion W.; Smith, Alfred Emanuel; Smith, Hoke; Smith, J. Allen; Smith-Hughes Act (1917); Smith-Lever Act (1914); Smoot, Reed; Social Engineering; Social Gospel; Social Hygiene; Social Insurance; Social Settlements; Socialism; Socialist Labor Party; Socialist Party of America; Sociological Jurisprudence; Southern Sociological Congress; Spalding, Albert G.; Spanish-American War; Spargo, John; Spencer, Herbert; Spillman, William Jasper; Square Deal; Standard Oil; Standing Bear, Luther; Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Starr, Ellen Gates; Stead, William T.; Steel; Steel Strike of 1919; Steffens, (Joseph) Lincoln; Steichen, Edward; Stieglitz, Alfred; Stimson, Henry Louis; Stokes, James Graham Phelps, and Rose Pastor Stokes; Straight, Willard D.;
Straus, Oscar S.; Street Railways; Strong, Josiah; Sullivan, John L.; Sullivan, Louis H.; Sullivan, Mark; Sulzer, William; Sumner, William Graham; Sunday, Billy; Supreme Court, U.S.; Survey, The ; Sweatshops; Swift, Gustavus Franklin; Swift and Company v. United States (1905)

Taft, William Howard; Taggart, Thomas; Tammany Hall; Tarbell, Ida Minerva; Tariff Reform; Tax Reform, State; Taylor, Frederick W.; Telegraph; Telephone; Teller Amendment (1898); Terman, Lewis M.; Terrell, Mary Church; Thomas, William Hannibal; Thorndike, Edward Lee; Thorpe, Jim "Bright Path"; Tiffany, Louis Comfort; Tillman, Benjamin R.; Tin Pan Alley; Titanic ; Track and Field; Tramps; Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition (1898); Transportation Act (1920); Treaty of Portsmouth (1905); Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire (1911); Trotter, William Monroe; Tumulty, Joseph P.; Turner, Frederick Jackson; Turner, Henry McNeal; Tuskegee Institute; Twain, Mark; Tweed, William "Boss"

Underwood, Oscar Wilder; Uneeda Biscuit Company; Unemployment; Union Labor Party; Unions, Trade and Labor; United Fruit Company; United Mine Workers of America; United States v. American Tobacco Company (1911); United States v. United States Steel Corporation (1920); Urban League; U'Ren, William S.

Van Hise, Charles R.; Vanderbilt, Cornelius; Vardaman, James K.; Vaudeville; Veblen, Thorstein B.; Veiller, Lawrence Turnure; Villard, Oswald Garrison

Wages and Hours Legislation; Wagner, John Peter "Honus"; Wagner, Robert F.; Walker, Francis A.; Walker, Madam C.J.; Walker, Moses Fleetwood; Wallace, Henry Cantwell; Walsh, David Ignatius; Walsh, Francis P.; Wanamaker, John; War Industries Board, United States; Ward, Lester Frank; Warehouse Act (1916); Warner, Charles Dudley; Washington, Booker T.; Watson, Thomas Edward; Weaver, James Baird; Webb-Kenyon Act (1913); Webb-Pomerene Act (1918); Weber, Adna Ferrin; Wells, David A.; Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell; Westinghouse, George; Weyerhauser, Frederick; Weyl, Walter Edward; Wharton, Edith; Wheeler, Burton K.; Whistler, James McNeill; White, Caroline Earle; White, Edward Douglass; White, Sue Shelton; White, William Allen; Whitlock, Brand; Whitman, Walt; Wiley, Harvey W.;
Willard, Frances Elizabeth Caroline; Wilson v. New (1917); Wilson, William Bauchop; Wilson, Woodrow; Wise, Stephen S.; Wister, Owen; Woman Suffrage; Woman's Christian Temperance Union; Woman's Peace Party; Women's Protective Legislation; Wood, Leonard; Woodcraft Indians; Woods, Robert Archey; Woodson, Carter G.; Working Girls' Clubs; Workmen's Compensation; World War I; Wounded Knee (1890); Wright, Carroll Davidson; Wright, Frank Lloyd; Wright, Orville, and Wilbur Wright

Yellow Journalism; Yellow-Dog Contract; Yerkes, Charles Tyson; Young Men's Christian Association; Young, Denton True "Cy"

Ziegfeld, Florenz, Jr.; Zionism

Political Statements
Speech of Senator Blanche K. Bruce to the U.S. Senate (1876); President Chester A. Arthur's Proclamation on Civil Service (1883); William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" Speech (1896); President Theodore Roosevelt Advocates the Conservation of Natural Resources (1907); Appeal of Seven Governors to Theodore Roosevelt (1912); Roosevelt's Response to Seven Governors (1912); Theodore Roosevelt Proclaims the "New Nationalism" (1912); Pujo Committee Report: Concentration of Control in Banking and Credit (1912); First Inaugural Address of President Wilson (1913); United States Commission on Industrial Relations: Concentration of Control in Industry (1915); President Wilson's Appeal to the Voters to Return a Democratic Congress (1918); Warren G. Harding Proposes a Return to "Normalcy" (1920)

Political Party Platforms
Greenback Party (1884); Anti-Monopoly Party (1884); Prohibition Party (1884); Union Labor Party (1888); Socialist Labor Party (1892); People's Party Platform (1892); Republican Party of Wisconsin Platform (1912); Socialist Party Platform (1912); Progressive Party Platform (1912)

Acts of Congress and Constitutional Amendments
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882); Interstate Commerce Act (1887); Dawes Severalty Act (1887); Sherman Antitrust Act (1890); United States Constitution, Article XIV (1913); United States Constitution, Article XVII (1913); Federal Trade Commission Act (1914); Clayton Antitrust Act (1914); Adamson Eight-Hour Act (1916); Immigration Literacy Act (1917); Espionage Act (1917); Sedition Act (1918); Railway Administration Act (1918); Child Labor Act (1919); Volstead Act (1919); United States Constitution, Article XVIII (1919); United States Constitution, Article XIX (1920)

Court Decisions
Munn v. Illinois (1877); Civil Rights Cases (1883); Ex parte Yarbrough (1884); In re Jacobs (1885); Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company (1895); United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1895); In re Debs (1895); Plessy v. Ferguson (1896); Northern Securities Company v. United States (1904); Lochner v. New York (1905); Adair v. United States (1908); Muller v. Oregon (1908); Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States (1911); Bunting v. Oregon (1917); Wilson v. New (1917); Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918); Schenck v. United States (1919); Abrams v. United States (1919)